In Peru, Chagas disease has an epidemiological significance in three macro-regions, one of them is the southern macro-region formed by the departments of Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna. In 1965 a successful control was performed by house spraying insecticides, however, the persistence of the vector made it necessary for a second control plan that was implemented in 2000 and followed the guidelines of CONAL Plan, based on the elimination of Triatoma infestans and screening in blood banks.This plan was successful in Tacna and Moquegua, therefore these departments were considered free of vectorial transmission by the Pan American Health Organization. A ssimilar situation has not been achieved in the department of Arequipa because of the presence, among other factors, of rural migration to the city, in this way the urbanization of Chagas disease is a new epidemiological scenario of which we need to know more

En el Perú, la enfermedad de Chagas tiene importancia epidemiológica en tres macrorregiones, una de ellas es la macrorregión sur conformada por los departamentos de Arequipa, Moquegua y Tacna. En 1965 se realizó un control exitoso mediante rociamiento domiciliario de insecticidas, sin embargo, la persistencia del vector hizo necesario un segundo plan de control que se implementó en el 2000 y que siguió los lineamientos del Plan CONAL, basado en la eliminación del Triatoma infestans y el tamizaje en los bancos de sangre. Este plan fue exitoso en Tacna y Moquegua por lo que estos departamentos fueron considerados libres de transmisión vectorial por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Similar situación no se ha logrado en el departamento de Arequipa por la presencia, entre otros factores, de la migración rural a la ciudad, constituyéndose la urbanización de la enfermedad de Chagas como un nuevo escenario epidemiológico que necesita conocerse

In Peru, Chagas disease has an epidemiological significance in three macro-regions, one of them is the southern macro-region formed by the departments of Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna. In 1965 a successful control was performed by house spraying insecticides, however, the persistence of the vector made it necessary for a second control plan that was implemented in 2000 and followed the guidelines of CONAL Plan, based on the elimination of Triatoma infestans and screening in blood banks.This plan was successful in Tacna and Moquegua, therefore these departments were considered free of vectorial transmission by the Pan American Health Organization. A ssimilar situation has not been achieved in the department of Arequipa because of the presence, among other factors, of rural migration to the city, in this way the urbanization of Chagas disease is a new epidemiological scenario of which we need to know more

En el Perú, la enfermedad de Chagas tiene importancia epidemiológica en tres macrorregiones, una de ellas es la macrorregión sur conformada por los departamentos de Arequipa, Moquegua y Tacna. En 1965 se realizó un control exitoso mediante rociamiento domiciliario de insecticidas, sin embargo, la persistencia del vector hizo necesario un segundo plan de control que se implementó en el 2000 y que siguió los lineamientos del Plan CONAL, basado en la eliminación del Triatoma infestans y el tamizaje en los bancos de sangre. Este plan fue exitoso en Tacna y Moquegua por lo que estos departamentos fueron considerados libres de transmisión vectorial por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Similar situación no se ha logrado en el departamento de Arequipa por la presencia, entre otros factores, de la migración rural a la ciudad, constituyéndose la urbanización de la enfermedad de Chagas como un nuevo escenario epidemiológico que necesita conocerse

The identification of the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus present in livestock and wild animals within regions endemic for cystic echinococcosis (CE) is epidemiologically important. Individual strains display different biological characteristics that contribute to outbreaks of CE and that must be taken into account in the design of intervention programs. In this study, samples of hydatid cysts due to E. granulosus were collected from alpacas (4) in Puno and pigs (8) in Ayacucho in Peru, an endemic region for CE. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing of specific regions of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 genes confirmed the presence of a strain common to sheep, the G1 genotype, in alpacas. Two different strains of E. granulosus were identified in pigs: the G1 and the G7 genotypes. This is the first report of the G1 genotype of E. granulosus in alpacas in endemic regions of CE in Peru.

Echinococcus granulosus, the etiologic agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and other animal species, is distributed worldwide. Ten intra-specific variants, or genotypes (G1-G10), have been defined based on genetic diversity. To determine the genotypes present in endemic areas of Peru, samples were collected from cattle (44), sheep (41) and humans (14) from Junín, Puno Huancavelica, Cusco, Arequipa and Ayacucho. DNA was extracted from protoscolex and/or germinal layers derived from 99 E. granulosus isolates and used as templates to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene. The resulting polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and further examined by sequence analysis. All isolates, independent of the host, exhibited the G1 genotype. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three isolates from Ayacucho shared the same cluster with microvariant G1(4). The G1 genotype is considered the most widespread and infectious form of E. granulosusworldwide and our results confirm that the same patterns apply to this country. Therefore, these findings should be taken into consideration in developing prevention strategies and control programs for CE in Peru.

Introduction: There is little and not recent information on the presence of triatomine bugs in San Martin department, Amazon area of our country where Chagas disease has been reported by wild triatomine insects as vectors. Objectives: To determine the geographic distribution of hematophagous triatomine insects in Huallaga and Picota provinces, San Martin department, Peru. To determine the domiciliary infestation by triatomine vectors indexes, trypano-triatomine infection as well as their dispersion. To determine the insects feeding source and to genetically characterize the tripanosomatidae they carry. Design: Observational and descriptive study. Setting: Health and Laboratories region networks. National Institute of Health laboratories. Participants: Houses from 6 districts of Huallaga province and 9 from Picota province (San Martin department). Interventions: Triatomine insect’s collection was carried out in 3 362 homes located in semi-urban and rural zones accounting for 30% of the total area of studied provinces. Feeding preferences were assessed by a precipitin test using specific antibodies against guinea pig, dog, cat, chicken and human beings sera. Trypanosomes were isolated by inoculation of stool samples from infected insects in Balb/c mice and using axenic culture media. Genetic characterization was done by PCR amplification of the genome by gene intergenic spacer of the miniexon. Main outcome measures: To assess if Huallaga and Picota, San Martin, Peru, are Chagas disease risk areas. Results: In 46 of the 3 368 homes visited, 53 triatomine adults were collected belonging to the species Rhodnius pictipes (56,6%), Panstrongylus geniculatus (41,5%) and Eratyrus mucronatus (1,9%). For the first time, P. geniculatus was reported in both provinces included in the study. Domiciliary infestation index was 1,4%, trypano-triatomine infection index was 3,8% and dispersion index was 30,1%. For R. pictipes 5 sources of food were identified (chicken, human, dog, guinea pig and cat) and for P. geniculatus, a mix feed: dog, cat and chicken. Trypanosoma spp. isolates of R. pictipes from Sacanche (Huallaga) belonged to T. cruzi TCI (350 pb); similar result was obtained in 10 clones studied. Conclusions: Results indicate that R. pictipes and P. geniculatus are undergoing colonization of the regions included in this study. Within the province of Huallaga, R. pictipes is the predominant vector of T. cruzi; therefore these locations must be considered high risk areas for Chagas disease.

Introducción: Existe escasa información y no actualizada sobre la presencia de triatominos en el departamento de San Martín, zona amazónica de nuestro país, y es importante actualizarla, ya que hay reportes recientes de casos de enfermedad de Chagas procedentes de la amazonía peruana cuyos vectores serían triatominos silvestres. Objetivos: Conocer la distribución geográfica de triatominos hematófagos en Huallaga y Picota, San Martín, Perú. Determinar los índices entomológicos, sus hábitos alimenticios y caracterizar los tripanosomatídeos que portan. Diseño: Investigación descriptiva observacional. Lugar: Red de Salud Huallaga y Picota, Laboratorio Regional de la Región de Salud San Martín. Laboratorios del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Participantes: Viviendas de 6 distritos de las provincia de Huallaga y 9 de Picota, del Departamento de San Martín. Intervenciones: La búsqueda de triatominos fue en 3 362 viviendas de áreas periurbanas y rurales. Mediante la prueba de precipitina, se determinó la fuente de alimentación. Se aisló tripanosomatídeos mediante infección en ratones Balb/C e inoculación en medio agar sangre, y por PCR se caracterizó el genoma por amplificación del espaciador intergénico del gen miniexón. Principales medidas de resultados: Determinar si Huallaga y Picota, San Martín, Perú, son zonas de riesgo de enfermedad de Chagas. Resultados: En 46 viviendas, de 3 362 muestreadas se capturó 53 triatominos adultos pertenecientes a Rhodnius pictipes (56,6%), Panstrongylus geniculatus (41,5%) y Eratyrus mucronatus (1,9%). Se reporta P. geniculatus por primera vez para las dos provincias. Los índices de infestación para ambas provincias fueron 1,4% y 3,8%, respectivamente, y corresponden al índice de infección natural; mientras que el índice de dispersión fue 30,1%. En R. pictipes se identificó cinco fuentes de alimentación (pollo, humano, perro, cobayo y gato) y en P. geniculatus un perfil alimentario mixto: perro/gato/pollo. Los Trypanosoma spp. aislados de R. pictipes, procedente de Sacanche (Huallaga), corresponden a TCI (350 pb); resultado similar se obtuvo en los 10 clones de este aislamiento. Conclusiones: Los resultados nos indican que, en las localidades estudiadas, R. pictipes y P. geniculatus estarían pasando por un proceso de domiciliación y que en las localidades de Huallaga R. pictipes sería el principal vector de Trypanosoma cruzi TC1; por lo que, dichas localidades estarían consideradas como zonas de riesgo de enfermedad de Chagas.

We evaluated a latex agglutination test standardized for serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. We used latex particles of 0.25 um in diameter, which were sensitized with antigen lyophilized total of hydatid cyst fluid of sheep. We used 80 serum samples, 40 patients operated on pathology confirmed hydatid disease, 20 patients with other parasitic diseases such as cysticercosis, fascioliasis, toxoplasmosis, taeniosis, Chagas disease and malaria, and 20 healthy people. It was found that of 40 serum samples from patients with hydatidosis was negative and one of the 40 serum samples from hydatidosis patients or people with no positive results four gave a sensitivity of 97.5%, specificity of 90.0%, predictive value 90.7% positive and negative 97.3%, with the agreement found to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of 100% in laboratories in endemic areas. We recommend the use of this test for the diagnosis of hydatid disease in endemic regions of Peru, also as a screening test in epidemiological studies.

Se evaluó una prueba de aglutinación de látex estandarizada para el diagnóstico serológico de la echinococosis quística. Se utilizó partículas de látex de 0,25 um de diámetro, las cuales fueron sensibilizadas con antígeno total de líquido liofilizado de quiste hidatídico de ovino. Se usaron 80 sueros, 40 de pacientes operados por enfermedad hidatídica confirmada patología, 20 de pacientes con otras enfermedades parasitarias como cisticercosis, fasciolosis, toxoplasmosis, teniosis, enfermedad de chagas y malaria y 20 de personas sanas. Se encontró que de los 40 sueros de pacientes con hidatidosis uno dio resultado negativo y de los 40 sueros de pacientes o personas sin hidatidosis cuatro dieron resultados positivo obteniéndose una sensibilidad de 97,5%, una especificidad de 90,0%, un valor predictivo positivo de 90,7% y negativo de 97,3%, siendo la concordancia encontrada al evaluar la repetibilidad y reproducibilidad del 100% en laboratorios de zonas endémicas. Se recomienda el uso de esta prueba para el descarte de hidatidosis en regiones endémicas del país, así como prueba de tamizaje en estudios epidemiológicos.

Objective. To identify the food sources of Panstrongylus herreri from district of Cajaruro, province of Utcubamba, department of Amazonas. Material and methods. The study was performed in two steps: in the first, a precipitin test was standardized using as antigen, blood sera from human being, dog, cat, guinea pig and chicken and the specific antibodies obtained by inoculation of the antigens in rabbits. Nymphs of Triatoma infestans (IV and V instars) maintained in the laboratory were fed on dog, cat, guinea pig, and human being to determine the sensitivity and the specificity of the precipitin test. In the second step, 102 P. herreri specimens collected from houses of the two villages were submitted to the standardized precipitin test. Results. The developed test permitted good titles of antibodies in the range from 1:10 000 to 1:30 000. The specificity was 100% and the sensitivity was 70 % to 100%. Of the 102 P. herreri specimens were detected intestinal content in 93 and found the food source in 77 of them, the blood of guinea pig (36.3%) was the main source of food, followed by human (18.2%) and chicken (14.3%).The Trypano-triatomine index was 62.4%. Conclusions. The precipitin test showed better specificity than sensitivity. In this study sites, the main food source of P. herreri was guinea pig follow by the human being and chicken. The high rate of insects carrying Trypanosoma sp. was related to the insects fed on guinea pig pointing it out as reservoir of the parasite.

Objetivo. Identificar las fuentes de alimentación de Panstrongylus herreri, procedente del distrito de Cajaruro, provincia de Utcubamba, departamento de Amazonas. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en dos etapas: primera, se estandarizó la prueba de precipitina usando como antígenos sueros sanguíneos de: humano, perro, gato, cobayo y pollo, y anticuerpos específicos obtenidos por inoculación de los antígenos en conejos. Se alimentaron ninfas de Triatoma infestans del IV y V estadio criadas en laboratorio con sangre de perro, cobayo, pollo y humano para luego determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la prueba. Segunda, se aplicó la prueba de precipitina a 102 ejemplares de P. herreri domiciliarios, procedentes de la zona de estudio. Resultados. Se obtuvo títulos de anticuerpos desde 1:10 000 a 1:30 000. La especificidad de la prueba fue 100% para todos los intervalos de tiempo evaluados; mientras, que la sensibilidad varió de 70 a 100%. De los 102 P. herreri, en 93 ejemplares se detectó contenido intestinal y se encontró la fuente alimenticia en 77 de ellos, la sangre de cobayo (36,3%) fue la principal fuente de alimentación, seguido de humano (18,2%) y pollo (14,3%). El índice de infección tripano-triatomíno fue 62,4%. Conclusiones. La prueba de precipitina mostró mejor especificidad que sensibilidad. En las áreas de estudio, la fuente principal de alimentación de P. herreri es la sangre de cobayo, seguido del humano y pollo. El elevado índice de infección a Trypanosoma sp. relacionado con la fuente de alimentación por cobayo, nos indicaría que es el principal reservorio.

Fasciolíase é uma doença emergente/re-emergente transmitida por vetores com a distribuição sabidamente mais ampla. Existem aproximadamente 17 milhões de pessoas infectadas em todo mundo, sendo a região andina a área mais afetada. Há uma necessidade importante para desenvolver ferramentas diagnósticas sensíveis e específicas para tratar cedo os pacientes e para evitar complicações. Neste trabalho avaliamos a resposta imune de seres humanos infectados comparando a duas preparações antigênicas: o extrato solúvel total (FhTSE) e o vômito (FhAWV) do verme adulto a fim de identificar as frações antigênicas específicas para Fasciola hepatica. Ambas as preparações foram processadas por SDS-PAGE e Western blot com os soros humanos de portadores de fasciolíase (F), outras parasitoses e indivíduos saudáveis. No immunoblot de FhTSE, os soros F reconheceram 16 faixas com PM entre 8 e 110 kDa, das quais as de 8, 9, 10, 38, 45 e 57 kDa foram específicas. Na preparação de FhAWV, os soros F reconheceram 9 faixas com PM entre 8 e 85 kDa, das quais as de 8, 12, 15 e 24 kDa foram específicas. Algumas faixas com reação cruzada foram evidentes com os soros dos pacientes com outras parasitoses, mais freqüentes com o FhTSE. As faixas dentro do PM mencionado, particularmente aquela de 8 kDa, mostraram ser específicas por outros autores, e merecem a caracterização adicional para seu uso potencial no diagnóstico imunológico.

Fascioliasis is an emerging/re-emerging vector-borne disease with the widest known distribution. Approximately 17 million people are infected around the world, being the Andean region the most affected area. There is an important necessity to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic tools to treat patients early and to avoid complications. In this paper we evaluated the immune response of infected humans against two antigenic preparations: the total soluble extract (FhTSE) and the adult worm vomit (FhAWV) in order to identify antigenic fractions specific for Fasciola hepatica. Both preparations were processed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot with human sera with fascioliasis (F), other parasitosis and healthy individuals. In the immunoblot of FhTSE, sera F recognised 16 bands with MW between eight and 110 kDa, from which those of 8, 9, 10, 38, 45 and 57 kDa were specific. In the preparation FhAWV, sera F recognised nine bands with MW from eight to 85 kDa, from which those of 8, 12, 15 and 24 kDa were specific. Some bands of cross-reaction were evident with sera from patients with other parasitoses, more frequent with the FhTSE. Bands within the MW mentioned, particularly that of eight kDa, have been shown to be specific by others, and deserve additional characterisation for their potential use in immunodiagnosis.

This article is based on a case report that described a six-year old girl who had a confirmed diagnosis of acute Chagas' disease in Pozuzo (Oxapampa- Junín, central Peruvian jungle), a recognized non-endemic area for this condition. An epidemiological study was performed in the patient's household and the surrounding neighborhood. Households visited did not have appropriate conditions for colonization with Triatoma insects. These insects were not found in active searches performed at daytime hours; however, at night time searches, two insects were captured in the patient's home, and seven in the surrounding houses, and they were identified as adult Panstrongylus geniculatus, and two of the bugs were infected with Trypanosoma microorganisms. Every person interviewed identified the vector, and 8/13 of them reported having been bitten by these bugs, locally known as "chirimachas". Clinical and serological examinations looking for T. cruzi reactive among neighbors were negative. We think that knowing that this is a wild vector, its presence in a household is related to the growing extension of agriculture-dedicated areas in the jungle. As wild mammals and birds move towards more rural areas, this leads to changes in the Triatoma insects environment, and they start looking for food within households and sporadically attack human beings, with the consequent risk for T. cruzi transmission.

A partir del caso de una niña de seis años con diagnóstico confirmado de enfermedad de Chagas aguda, procedente de la localidad de Pozuzo (Oxapampa-Junín) en al selva central del Perú, un área no señalada como endémica en el país, se realizó un estudio epidemiológico a partir de la vivienda de la niña y se extendió a la población cercana. Las viviendas visitadas no presentaron condiciones apropiadas para la colonización de triatominos, no se encontraron en la búsqueda activa durante el día, sin embargo, en búsqueda nocturna se capturaron dos ejemplares en casa de la niña y siete en casas vecinas que fueron identificados como Panstrongylus geniculatus adultos, dos estaban infestados con trypanosomatideos. Todos los entrevistados identificaron al vector, 8/13 manifestaron haber sufrido picaduras de "chirimachas", nombre por el cual lo conocen. El examen clínico y serológico en busca de reactivos a T. cruzi entre los pobladores de las viviendas cercanas fue negativo. Consideramos que siendo el vector de hábitos silvestres, su presencia en la vivienda está relacionada con la ampliación de la zona agrícola ganada a la selva. El alejamiento de los mamíferos y aves silvestres esta determinando cambios en el biotopo de los triatominos, que buscan su alimento en el interior de las viviendas e infectan en forma esporádica a la población humana.

We report a human case of polycystic hidatidosis due to Echinococcus vogeli from Contamana (Department of Loreto) village located in the central jungle of Peru. The patient is a 44 year-old lady, teacher, who carried a painless liver mass since a year ago. She was submitted to abdominal surgery and the liver mass was removed and showed multiple cysts containing colorless liquid as is showed in the polycystic hidatidosis. The morphology and measure of the hooks obtained from the liquid contained in the cysts are from Echinococcus vogeli. It is the first report of this parasitism in Perú.

Reportamos un caso humano de hidatidosis poliquística debido a Echinococcus vogeli procedente de Contamana (Departamento de Loreto), localidad ubicada en la selva central del Perú. La paciente es una mujer de 44 años de edad, profesora, quien portaba una hepatomegalia no dolorosa de un año de evolución. Sometida a intervención quirúrgica, se removió la masa hepática que macroscópicamente mostró múltiples quistes conteniendo líquido incoloro. El examen microscópico correspondió a una hidatidosis poliquística. El examen y medida de los ganchos obtenidos del contenido de los quistes correspondieron a Echinococcus vogeli. Es el primer reporte de este parasitismo en el Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate seroprevalence of human toxocariosis in Lima inhabitants. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, non aleatory selection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To people living in Lima city urban marginal communities, an interview and clinical examination were done and serum samples obtained to detect antibodies against Toxocara by ELISA technique. Stool samples were also obtained to check parasites causing cross reactions with serology. RESULTS: From 553 persons examined 23,3% were reactive. There were no sex differences and ELISA results related to anemia, leucocytosis, eosinophilia or intestinal parasites. People older than 15 year-old had twice the possibility to be reactive. Most frequent symptom in positive individuals was decrease of visual capacity. Most frequent parasites were Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia. CONCLUSIONS: Human toxocariosis is frequent in Lima inhabitants. There is no statistical association between anemia and changes in leucocyte formula with ELISA result. It is necessary to develop diffusion programs for early infection detection and prevention.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la seroprevalencia de toxocariosis humana en población de la ciudad de Lima. Diseño: estudio transversal, la selección fue no aleatoria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En pobladores de la ciudad de Lima que pertenecían a comunidades urbano marginales, se realizó entrevista y examen clínico, y se obtuvo una muestra de suero para procesar la técnica de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos contra Toxocara. También, se solicitó muestras de heces para buscar parásitos intestinales que pudieran originar reacciones cruzadas en la serología. RESULTADOS: Se examinó 553 personas, siendo 23,3% de ellos reactivos. No hubo diferencias en cuanto a sexo ni entre el resultado de ELISA y la presencia de anemia, leucocitosis, eosinofilia y parásitos intestinales. Los mayores de 15 años tuvieron doble probabilidad de resultar reactivos que los menores de 15 años. Disminución de la agudeza visual fue el síntoma más frecuente en los sujetos reactivos. Los parásitos intestinales más frecuentes fueron Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia. CONCLUSIONES: La toxocariosis humana es frecuente en la población de Lima. No se observa asociación estadística entre el hallazgo de anemia y alteraciones de la fórmula leucocitaria con el resultado de ELISA. Es necesario desarrollar programas de difusión para detectar precozmente la infección y así prevenirla.